【作者简介】
卢海君，对外经济贸易大学法学院讲师，法学博士。
【注释】LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Gregory S. Schienke, The Spawn of Learned Hand-A Reexamination of Copyright Protection and Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must the Story Be Told? 9 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 63, 66（2005）。
Marks, The Legal Rights of Fictional Characters, 25 COPYRIGHT L. SYMP. （ASCAP） 35, 37-38 （1980）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
E. Fulton Brylawski, Protection of Characters - Sam Spade Revisited, 22 Bull. Copyright. Soc''y. 77, 78 （1974）。
Hill v. Whalen & Martell, 220 F. 359 （S.D.N.Y. 1914）。
Kenneth E. Spahn, The Legal Protection of Fictional Characters, 9. U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 331, 340 （1992）。
Columbia Broadcasting System v. DeCosta.377 F.2d 315 （1st Cir. 1967）。
Rokeach v. Avco Embassy Pictures, 3 Med. L. Rptr. （BNA） 1774, 1779 （S.D.N.Y. 1978）。 See David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 689（May, 1990）。
Warner Bros., Inc. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 720 F.2d 231, 240 （2d Cir. 1983）； Atari, Inc. v. N. Am. Philips Consumer Elecs. Corp., 672 F.2d 607, 619 （7th Cir.1982）； Walt Disney Prods. v. Air Pirates, 581 F.2d 751, 754 （9th Cir. 1978）。
Leslie A. Kurtz, The Independent Legal Lives of Fictional Characters, 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 451（1986）。
Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates., 581 F.2d 751 （9th Cir. 1978）， cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1132 （1979）。
Detective Comics, Inc. v. Bruns Publications. Inc., 111 F.2d 432 （2d Cir. 1940）。
Fleischer Studios, Inc. v. Freundlich., 73 F.2d 276 （2d Cir. 1934）， cert. denied, 294 U.S. 717 （1935）。
King Features Syndicate v. Fleischer., 299 F. 533 （2d Cir. 1924）。
Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates.581 F.2d 751 （9th Cir. 1978）， cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1132 （1979）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430-31（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Peter K. Yu, Fictional Persona Test: Copyright Preemption in Human Audiovisual Characters, 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, 356-57 （1998）。
Michael Todd Helfand, Note, When Mickey Mouse Is as Strong as Superman: The Convergence of Intellectual Property Law to Protect Fictional Literary and Pictorial Characters, 44 Stan. L. Rev. 623, 627-28 （1992）。
Jessica Litman, Mickey Mouse Emeritus: Character Protection and the Public Domain, 11 U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 429, 431 （1994）。
Francis M. Nevins, Jr., Copyright + Character = Catastrophe, 39 J. Copyright Soc''y U.S. 303, 303 （1992）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 347（2001）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 348（2001）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 349（2001）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341（2001）。
Jones v. CBS, 733 F. Supp. 748, 753 （S.D.N.Y. 1990）。
Jonathan S. Katz, EXPANDED NOTIONS OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION: IDEA PROTECTION WITHIN THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 77 B.U.L. Rev. 873, 878（October, 1997）。
Detective Comics, Inc. v. Bruns Publications.111 F.2d 432 （2d Cir. 1940）。
Gregory S. Schienke, The Spawn of Learned Hand-A Reexamination of Copyright Protection and Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must the Story Be Told? 9 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 63, 64（2005）。
B. KAPLAN, AN UNHURRIED VIEW OF COPYRIGHT 2 （1967）。 at 51. See LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 437（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Gregory S. Schienke, The Spawn of Learned Hand-A Reexamination of Copyright Protection and Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must the Story Be Told? 9 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 63, 64（2005）。
Supp. Rep. of the Register of Copyright on the General Revision of U.S. Copyright Law: 1965 Revision Bill, 89 Cong. 1st Sess. 6 （1965）。
Dennis S. Karjala, The Investiture of Professor Dennis S. Karjala as the Jack E. Brown Professor of Law: Harry Potter, Tanya Grotter, and the Copyright Derivative Work, 38 Ariz. St. L.J. 17（Spring, 2006）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 693（May, 1990）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 694（May, 1990）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 432（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Edmund W. Kitch, Response, Comment on Dennis S. Karjala, Harry Potter, Tanya Grotter and the Copyright Derivative Work, 38 Ariz. St. L.J. 41, 41 n.3.
Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 366（Spring, 2006）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 430（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Supp. Rep. of the Register of Copyright on the General Revision of U.S. Copyright Law: 1965 Revision Bill, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 6 （1965）。
Supp. Rep. of the Register of Copyright on the General Revision of U.S. Copyright Law: 1965 Revision Bill, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 6 （1965）。 at 6.
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 688（May, 1990）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 694（May, 1990）。
1 MELVILLE B. NIMMER & DAVID NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, section 2.12 （1993）。 See LESLIE A. KURTZ, 1994 AALS SYMPOSIUMTHE METHUSELAH FACTOR: WHEN CHARACTERS OUTLIVE THEIR COPYRIGHTS. 11 U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 437, 440（1994）。
Silverman v. CBS Inc., 870 F.2d 40, 49 （2d Cir.）， cert. denied, 492 U.S. 907 （1989）。 See LESLIE A. KURTZ, 1994 AALS SYMPOSIUMTHE METHUSELAH FACTOR: WHEN CHARACTERS OUTLIVE THEIR COPYRIGHTS. 11 U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 437, 441（1994）。
Anderson v. Stallone, 11 U.S.P.Q.2d （BNA） 1161 （C.D. Cal. 1989）。 See Dennis S. Karjala, The Investiture of Professor Dennis S. Karjala as the Jack E. Brown Professor of Law: Harry Potter, Tanya Grotter, and the Copyright Derivative Work, 38 Ariz. St. L.J. 17（Spring, 2006）。
See 1 Paul Goldstein, Copyright 2.7.2, at 2:97 （2d ed. 1996）。
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.45 F.2d 119 （2d Cir. 1930）。
See Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119 （2d Cir. 1930）， cert. denied, 282 U.S. 902 （1931）。
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119, 121 （2d Cir. 1930）。
Kenneth E. Spahn, The Legal Protection of Fictional Characters, 9. U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 331, 334 （1992）。
Burroughs v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.519 F. Supp. 388 （S.D.N.Y. 1981）。
1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright 2.12 （Matthew Bender & Co. ed. 2004）。 See Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 367（Spring, 2006）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection, 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 691 （1990）。
Leslie A. Kurtz, The Independent Legal Lives of Fictional Characters, 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 457-59 （1986）。 See Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 368（Spring, 2006）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 343（2001）。
Gregory S. Schienke, The Spawn of Learned Hand - A Reexamination of Copyright Protection and Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must the Story Be Told?, 9 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 63, 80 （2005）。
Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 369（Spring, 2006）。
Leslie A. Kurtz, The Independent Legal Lives of Fictional Characters, 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 465 （1986）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 439（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 369（Spring, 2006）。
Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.216 F.2d 945 （9th Cir. 1954）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 344（2001）。
Dean D. Niro, Protecting Characters Through Copyright Law: Paving a New Road Upon Which Literary, Graphic, and Motion Picture Characters Can All Travel, 41 DePaul L. Rev. 359, 365 （1992）。
MELVILLE B. NIMMER & DAVID NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT.§ 2.12, at 2-175（1994）。 See Kenneth E. Spahn, THE RIGHT OF PUBLICITY: A MATTER OF PRIVACY, PROPERTY, OR PUBLIC DOMAIN? 19 Nova L. Rev. 1013, 1019（Spring, 1995）。
8 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright, 2.12. （2003）。 See Gregory S. Schienke, The Spawn of Learned Hand-A Reexamination of Copyright Protection and Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must the Story Be Told? 9 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 63, 66（2005）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection, 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 694 （1990）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection, 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 694 （1990）。
Leslie A. Kurtz, The Independent Legal Lives of Fictional Characters, 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 455 （1986）。 See Jasmina Zecevic, Distinctly Delineated Fictional Characters That Constitute The Story Being Told: Who Are They And Do They Deserve Independent Copyright Protection? 8 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 365, 368（Spring, 2006）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 432（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 350（2001）。
Mark Bartholomew, PROTECTING THE PERFORMERS: SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR CHARACTER COPYRIGHTABILITY, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 341, 351-52（2001）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 439（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
LESLIE A. KURTZ, THE INDEPENDENT LEGAL LIVES OF FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 429, 442（May, 1986 / June, 1986）。
Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 652 F.2d 278, 287 （2d Cir. 1981） （Mansfield, J., dissenting）， cert. denied, 456 U.S. 927 （1982）。
Ali v. Playgirl, Inc., 447 F. Supp. 723, 728 （S.D.N.Y. 1978）。
Note, The Right of Publicity Run Riot: The Case of a Federal Statute, 60 S. CAL. L. REV. 1179 （1987）。
Kathleen B. Dangelo, Note, How Much of You Do You Really Own? A Property Right in Identity, 37 Clev. St. L. Rev. 499, 510 （1989）。
Haelan Lab., Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 202 F.2d 866, 868 （2d Cir. 1953）。
Peter K. Yu, FICTIONAL PERSONA TEST: COPYRIGHT PREEMPTION IN HUMAN AUDIOVISUAL CHARACTERS. 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, 357（September, 1998）。
Kenneth E. Spahn, THE RIGHT OF PUBLICITY: A MATTER OF PRIVACY, PROPERTY, OR PUBLIC DOMAIN? 19 Nova L. Rev. 1013, 1014（Spring, 1995）。
Harold R. Gordon, Right of Property in Name, Likeness, Personality and History, 55 NW. U. L. REV. 553 （1960）。
Haelan Laboratories, Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 202 F.2d 866 （2d Cir. 1953）。 See Peter K. Yu, FICTIONAL PERSONA TEST: COPYRIGHT PREEMPTION IN HUMAN AUDIOVISUAL CHARACTERS. 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, n44（September, 1998）。
Kathleen B. Dangelo, Note, How Much of You Do You Really Own? A Property Right in Identity, 37 Clev. St. L. Rev. 499, 508-09 （1989）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 701（May, 1990）。
Note, The Right of Publicity Run Riot: The Case of a Federal Statute, 60 S. CAL. L. REV. 1179, 1180 （1987）。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 696（May, 1990）。
郑成思：《知识产权法》，法律出版社，1999年，第32页。
David B. Feldman, Finding a Home for Fictional Characters: A Proposal for Change in Copyright Protection. 78 Calif. L. Rev. 687, 699（May, 1990）。
Stephen Clark, Of Mice, Men and Supermen: The Copyrightability of Graphic and Literary Characters, 28 St. Louis U. L.J. 959, 961 （1984）。 See Peter K. Yu, FICTIONAL PERSONA TEST: COPYRIGHT PREEMPTION IN HUMAN AUDIOVISUAL CHARACTERS. 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, 355-356（September, 1998）。
Peter K. Yu, FICTIONAL PERSONA TEST: COPYRIGHT PREEMPTION IN HUMAN AUDIOVISUAL CHARACTERS. 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, 364（September, 1998）。
Peter K. Yu, FICTIONAL PERSONA TEST: COPYRIGHT PREEMPTION IN HUMAN AUDIOVISUAL CHARACTERS. 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 355, 360-364（September, 1998）。
Lugosi v. Universal Pictures.603 P.2d 425. at 431-34 （Mosk, J., concurring）。

第 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 页 共[8]页