【作者简介】
封利强(1973-),男,河北平山人,中国政法大学诉讼法学专业博士研究生。研究方向:证据法学。
【注释】 由于讨论主题的限定,本文未对“证据学”和“证据法学”的称谓作严格的界分。同时,为了避免概念上的混乱,笔者在本文中使用当前已经约定俗成的“证据法学”一词来指代这门学科。在本文中,“证明法学”仅被用来指代证据法学理论体系的一种建构思路,即“以证明为中心”的证据法学。 “从规则到证明(From Rules To Proof)”的提法引自莱姆伯特教授的论文。See Richard Lempert, The New Evidence Scholarship: Analyzing the Process of Proof, 66 B.U.L. Rev. 439(1986). Peter Murphy (ed), Evidence, Proof, and Facts: A Book of Sources, Oxford University Press, 2003, at 61. John H. Wigmore, A General Survey of the History of the Rules of Evidence, in 2 Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History 691, 692 (1908). 该书全名是《建立在逻辑学、心理学和一般经验科学基础之上的司法证明原则》,于1913年出版,后于1931年再版。1937年第三次出版时在出版社的提议下,更名为《司法证明科学》。从《司法证明原则》到《司法证明科学》的更名主要是出于商业考虑,不需要太多关注。在William Twining的著作中,这三版被统称为《司法证明原则》。 John H. Wigmore, The Principles of Judicial Proof: As Given by Logic, Psychology, and General Experience, and Illustrated in Judicial Trials, Little, Brown, and company (Boston 1913), at 1. John H. Wigmore, The Principles of Judicial Proof: As Given by Logic, Psychology, and General Experience, and Illustrated in Judicial Trials, Little, Brown, and company (Boston 1913), at 1. John H. Wigmore, The Principles of Judicial Proof: As Given by Logic, Psychology, and General Experience, and Illustrated in Judicial Trials, Little, Brown, and company (Boston 1913), at 2. William Twining, Theories of Evidence: Bentham and Wigmore, Stanford University Press (Stanford, California 1985), Introduction. Richard Lempert, The New Evidence Scholarship: Analyzing the Process of Proof, 66 B.U.L. Rev. 439(1986). John D. Jachson, Analysing the New Evidence Scholarship: Towards a New Conception of the Law of Evidence, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 16 (1996). Twining and Stein, “Evidence and Proof” in the International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory(Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992). Wagenaar, van Kappen and Crombag, Anchored Narratives: The Psychology of Criminal Evidence (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993). 学界通常在两种意义上使用“自由证明”。一种是与“严格证明”相对应的“自由证明”,其含义等同于“释明”;另一种是与“法定证明”相对应的“自由证明”,其含义近似于“自由心证”。本文采用后一种含义。 裴苍龄教授将“证据”和“证明”称作“证据法学的两块‘奠基石’”。参见裴苍龄:《证据法学新论》,法律出版社1989年版,第143页。
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