Cynthia Crawford Lichtenstein, Hard Law v. Soft Law: Unnecessary Dichotomy? 1433 Int’l Law. 35 (2001)。 Ulrika Mörth (ed.), 见前注15所引书,p. 7. 对此可进一步参见:经济合作与发展组织:《分散化的公共治理:代理机构、权力主体和其他政府实体》,国家发展和改革委员会事业单位改革研究课题组译,中信出版社2004年版,第312-313页。 Commission of the European Communities, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001) 428, Brussels, 25. 7. 2001. Jan Klabbers, The Undesirability of Soft Law, in 381 Nordic Journal of International Law 67 (1998). 同上。 Henrik Frykman & Ulrika Mörth, Soft Law and Three Notions of Democracy: The Case of the EU, in Ulrika Mörth (ed.),见前注15所引书,p.163. 参见Yoichiro Usui, The Roles of Soft Law in EU Environmental Governance: An Interface between Law and Politics, 提交给2005年11月12至13日在日本福冈九州大学举行的第26届欧盟研究会—日本年度研讨会“欧盟与治理”的论文,见http://www.ne.jp/asahi/usui/yoichiro/Presentation_list.html(2005年12月28日访问)。 Henrik Frykman & Ulrika Mörth, Soft Law and Three Notions of Democracy: The Case of the EU, in Ulrika Mörth (ed.) Soft Law in Governance and Regulation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis, Edward Elgar, 2004, p.155-161. Jan Klabbers, Institutional Ambivalence by Design: Soft Organizations in International Law, in 403 Nordic Journal of International Law 70 (2001). Ulrika Mörth, Soft Law in Governance and Regulation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis, Edward Elgar, 2004, p3. Yoichiro Usui, The Roles of Soft Law in EU Environmental Governance: An Interface between Law and Politics, http://www.ne.jp/asahi/usui/yoichiro/Presentation_list.html(2005年12月28日访问)。 Peter Wood, Soft Law, Hard Law and the Development of an International Forest Convention, http://peterwood.ca/res/research/reports.htm (2005年10月28日访问)。 David M. Trubek, Patrick Cottrell & Mark Nance, “Soft Law”, “Hard Law” and European Integration: Toward a Theory of Hybridity, http://www.wisc.edu/wage/pubs/papers/Hybridity%20Paper%20April%2005.pdf.(2005年9月10日访问)。 Peter Wood, 见前注54所引文。 David M. Trubek, Patrick Cottrell & Mark Nance, 见前注55所引文。 同上。 Orly Lobel, 见前注2所引文,pp.393-395。 David M. Trubek, Patrick Cottrell & Mark Nance, 见前注55所引文。 Linda Senden, 见前注5所引文。 David M. Trubek, Patrick Cottrell & Mark Nance, 见前注55所引文。 David M. Trubek and Louise G. Trubek, Hard Law and Soft Law in the Construction of Social Europe: The Role of the Open Method of Coordination, in European Law Journal, Vol.11/3, May, 2005, p343. Secretariat, The European Convention, Coordination of National Policies: The Open Method of Coordination, WG VI, WD 015 Sept. 2002. J. Scott and D. Trubek, Mind the Gap: Law and New Approaches to Governance in the European Union, Vol. 8/1, 2002, p1. 治理可能是关于政治民主和经济自由之发展的,就像“善治”所述;关于经济效率和避免公共资源的不当使用有关;与国际法和国际组织“管理”的正当性和可信度有关;与多层级的机构和决策有关,努力调和多种主体的参与和授权;与责任和限制所有形式的权力,特别是国家权力有关,也包括不断增长的国际组织和私人主体的权力;与组织网络的社会控制体系有关;等等。Sia Spiliopoulou Ǻkemark, Soft Law and International Financial Institutions: Issues of Hard and Soft Law from a Lawyer’s Perspective, in Ulrika Mörth (ed.), 见前注15所引书,p.75.另外可参见罗伯特.罗茨:“新的治理”,载俞可平主编:《治理与善治》,社会科学文献出版社2000年版,转引自罗豪才、宋功德:“公域之治的转型:对公共治理与公法互动关系的一种透视”,载《中国法学》2005年第5期。
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