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Another example of international cooperation was the United State Congress called for an international conference and achieved a common accord in order to prevent the pollution of navigable waters from oil and oil mixtures in 1992. Although that treaty never entered into force, it was “one of earliest recognitions of linkage between tariffs and pollution control” .
Regional matters concern sharing resource or trans-border damage. The example of international cooperation in regional matters is European convention’s proposition which protects animals useful to agriculture in 1868.
Non-physical issues with moral or competitiveness implications have an important difference from two categories above. Without international cooperation, measures of solving problems due to those two factors cannot be come into force; in contrast, measures of third one can be possible in some degree. Nevertheless, international cooperation can promote the force of measures and speed up the progress of it.
WTO whether support or undermine the impact of MEAs on earth. In the following argues in specific environmental agreement and the GATT, this question will be clear.
B. PPM Issues in OECD and the GATT
There both are provisions related to PPM in GATT and OECD Conceptual Framework (Provisions related to PPM have been concerned in Page five of this paper). In the OECD Conceptual Framework states:
”Environmental requirements which address consumption externalities are concerned with environmental effects which manifest themselves during the ‘downstream’ stages of the life-cycle, i.e. at the distribution/marketing stage or when goods are consumed and disposed of after consumption… (It is termed ‘product-related PPM requirements’) Environmental requirements addressing production externalities frequently take the form of restriction on input use or requirements that certain technologies be adopted at the ‘upstream’ stage of a product life-cycle, i.e. at the time of cultivation, raisin g and slaughtering of animals, exploitation of natural resources, extraction of raw materials and production or manufacturing of goods (It is termed ‘non-product-related PPM requirements’)”
In respect to the OECD Conceptual Framework for PPM Measures, it divides two categories to according to the environmental understand the motivation for using PPM-based trade measures. Category A: product-related PPMs where the environmental damage caused by the PPMs transmitted by the product itself. Category B: non-product-related PPMs where the environmental damage caused by the product itself. In Category B, there are four type of environment degradation: Category B-1: transboundary pollution, Category B-2: migratory species and shared living resources, Category B-3: global environmental concerns, Category B-4: local environmental concerns.
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