论物权法的对象与物权的客体
On the Target of Real law and the Object of Real Rights
尹田
【摘要】将物权法定位为“财产归属法”及将债权法定位为“财产移转法”,以及将物权法的对象确定为“静态财产关系”及将债权法的对象确定为“动态财产关系”,其意义均仅在揭示作为民法上财产权制度之“脊梁”的两大财产权利制度之基本特征和相互关系,但并不具有将财产关系截然分成两种形态以及由此而指导建立界河清楚、互不浸润的物权法与债权法的功能。物权法上的财产,非指广义财产。物权的概念及其与物权有关的全部制度,均针对有体物而建立,如果将无体物的概念引入物权法,则物权体系的逻辑基础将被破坏,物权法的体系将变得凌乱不堪。
【关键词】物权 财产 物
【全文】
论物权法的对象与物权的客体
On the Target of Real law and the Object of Real Rights
尹田*
Abstract:
To fix real law on the position of “property ownership law” and to fix obligation law on the position of “property transference law”; and to establish the object of real law as “relationship of static property” and to establish the object of obligation law as “relationship of dynamic property”, it does not reveal the function of dividing the property relationship completely into two forms and then to direct to set up separated, independent real law and obligation law, but only reveal the basic characteristic and the relationship between two property rights institutions that are called the “spine” of civil property rights system. The property of real law is not the property on broad sense. The conception of real rights and all the institutions related to real rights are both aimed at corporeal property and set up; while if the conception of incorporeal property is introduced into real law, the logic basis of real rights system will be damaged, and the system of real law will be in confusion.
Key words: real right; estate; property
一、财产法的结构与物权法的对象
就民法的角度观之,在被称为“市民社会”的私人生活领域内,包含了经济生活与伦理生活两大部分。规范经济生活以保护财产秩序的法律为财产法;规范伦理生活以保护身份秩序的法律为身份法。而对于财产法的结构分析,依不同的出发点,其结果可能会有一些重要的差别。
台湾学者谢在全先生以财产法规范的不同目的为出发点,将财产法分为两大类:凡目的在于保护财产之归属秩序者,为财产归属法。其任务为确定并保护财产与主体之间的归属关系:权利主体得对特定财产为排他的直接支配并享有该财产所生之一切利益。其中,商品所有为此种财产归属秩序之典型。而财产归属法又可分为三种类型:一是规范财产本身归属于权利主体之法律;二是规范对于他人财产之得利返还请求权之法律;[①]三是规范侵害财产归属所生损害赔偿关系之法律;凡目的在于保护财产之转移秩序者,为财产移转法。其任务为使归属于一定权利主体之财产,得经由权利主体之意思完成其移转。商品交换为此种财产移转秩序之典型。而财产移转法又可分为三类:一是规范契约即商品交换基本形态为内容的法律,此即典型的契约法领域;二是规范“给付得利请求权”之法律:因财产给付之瑕疵而违反财产移转秩序时,受损人应有返还请求权;[②]三是规范债权侵害所生损害赔偿关系之法律。